Wednesday, 9 April 2025

1 Kings 11-22 and 2 Kings: ‘The Kingdom Goes’

 


I’m not a regular diamond buyer, but I am told that if you are buying diamonds the seller will place them on a black velvet cloth when you are viewing them.  The purpose of this cloth is to highlight their beauty.  Against this dark background their brightness is seen in its fullness.

In some ways the kings of the Old Testament are like that black velvet cloth to Jesus.  So many of these kings are simply awful and you are left thinking, ‘Israel needs a different sort of king!’  The king they need is Jesus.  When Jesus comes the gloom and darkness of Israel’s sinful kings serve to highlight the beauty of Christ’s kingship.[1]

 

Solomon’s reign was a time of peace and prosperity.  In line with God’s promise to Abraham, God’s people were in God’s place enjoying God’s blessing.  These were the golden days for Israel.  However, the good times are not to last.  Solomon acts as the king was not to act (see Duet. 17:16-17)—hoarding gold, gathering chariots and horses, and marring many foreign wives who turn his heart after their gods.  Just like Israel, as we have observed them right throughout our studies, Solomon refused to follow the LORD wholeheartedly.

The consequences are disastrous.  For David’s sake, God delays his judgement until Solomon dies (see 1 Kings 11:11-13), but then causes civil war and the kingdom begins to disintegrate.     

The rest of 1 and 2 Kings traces the decline of the once great kingdom.

 

Israel and JudahSamaria and Jerusalem—Jeroboam and Rehoboam

After Solomon’s death his son, Rehoboam,[2] comes to the throne.  However, the ten northern and eastern tribes rebel against him and set up their own kingdom under Jeroboam.[3] The kingdom is divided.

The northern kingdom, confusingly, is called Israel.  Its capital is initially Shechem, and later Samaria.  The southern kingdom, Judah, has Jerusalem as its capital.  1 and 2 Kings can be a confusing read as the narrative jumps back and forth between the two kingdoms.[4]

 

The Northern Troubles: Jeroboam—Ahab—Jehu

In the Full of Promise study book that we looked at in the home groups, we were given a list of verses referring to some of the kings of Israel—the northern kingdom.  It asked us how the kings seemed to be doing.  Of each we read that they did evil in the eyes of the LORD.[5]  They didn’t do well!

Jeroboam is Israel’s first king.  He worries that the people will want to go to Jerusalem, in the southern kingdom, to meet with God at the temple. So he sets up two alternative shrines in Bethel and Dan, putting a golden calf in each.  He declares, ‘Here are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt (1 Kings 12:28).  He is attempting to combine the pagan calf symbol with the worship of the LORD.[6]  Jeroboam is remembered as the one who caused Israel to sin (1 Kings 14:16 and 2 Kings 17:21-23).

The most notorious of Israel’s kings is Ahab who, as a result of his marriage to Jezebel of Sidon, introduces Israel to the worship of Baal.  The prophet Elijah confronts Ahab about his religious and ethical behaviour.  At Mount Carmel Elijah demonstrates that it is the LORD not Baal who is God (1 Kings 18).

Of all the kings of the northern kingdom only one, Jehu, is commended; he alone rids Israel of Baal worship (2 Kings 10:28).  Nevertheless, he continues to promote the use of the golden calves set up by Jeroboam.   

In the year 722 BC—two hundred years after the kingdoms divided, the Assyrians attack Samaria, capital of the northern kingdom, and destroy it.  We are left in no doubt why this happens: All this took place because the Israelites had sinned against the LORD their God, who had brought them out of Egypt (2 Kings 17:7).  Both Israel’s kings and its people failed to obey God.

The people of the northern kingdom were largely deported, and their country was colonized with Syrians and Babylonians.  The resulting mixed population was the origin of the Samaritans—who were so despised by the Jews at the time of Christ.

 

 

The Southern Problem: Rehoboam—Hezekiah—Josiah

So the northern kingdom ended in disaster.  What about the southern kingdom—Judah, how did it do?  It didn’t do much better!  Again Full of Promise gives a list of verses, this time with reference to some of Judah’s kings.  Most of the references tell us of kings who did evil in the eyes of the LORD.[7]  

Despite having kings from the line of David, and the temple in their capital Jerusalem, Judah also degenerates into rebellion against God.  Like Solomon they turn their hearts to other gods and are not fully devoted to the LORD their God.  When we read of their failure to be a distinct people, we might ask ourselves ‘are we different from the world around us?’  And when we read of their lack of faithfulness we need to ask ‘are we wholehearted in following God?’  For as Christians we too are called to be distinct (see 1 Peter 1:13-16).

King Hezekiah and King Josiah try to turn the people’s hearts back to God, but ultimately they are unsuccessful.  Josiah promotes religious reform when a copy of the law—which appears to have been some edition or part of the Book of Deuteronomy,[8] is found during repairs in the temple.  But the change does not go far enough or deep enough to deflect God’s anger.  They have broken the covenant and are going to be punished (see 2 Kings 23:26 and Jeremiah 3:10).  In Deuteronomy God had warned his people what he would do if they deserted him—he would drive them out of the Promised Land (Deut. 28:15-68), and this is what happens. 

In 597 BC the Babylonians defeat Judah and take some of its inhabitants into exile in Babylon.  Soon afterwards, in 586 BC, the Babylonians destroy Jerusalem and the temple, and thousands more are taken away.

Do you remember Bony M’s ‘By the Rivers of Babylon’?  Words from Psalms 137, which was written by exiled Jews.  No wonder they wept, so much had been lost.  The golden age under Solomon surely seemed a very distant memory. 

 

Conclusion

The Bible would be a very depressing story if it ended with 2 Kings.  It seems that everything that we have been working towards—God’s people, in God’s place, enjoying God’s blessing has crumbled before us.  But there is hope because this is not the end of the Bible’s story.

God’s work among his Old Testament people was never meant to be the final fulfilment of the gospel promises.  The history of Israel points towards something bigger and better.  Even at the height of the Old Testament we only have a shadow of the perfect kingdom that God will establish to Jesus Christ. “Yes, it was great for the Israelites to be rescued from slavery to the Egyptians, but that rescue is just a pale shadow of the perfect redemption achieved by Jesus on the cross (John 1:29; 1 Corinthians 5:7).  Yes, it was wonderful for the Israelites to have God’s presence in their midst in the tabernacle and the temple, but those structures were just shadows of the one in whom the presence of God was perfectly manifest: ‘The Word became flesh and made his dwelling [or “tabernacled”] among us (John 1:14).  And yes, David and Solomon were great kings, but Jesus is far greater (Mark 12:35-37; Luke 11:31).”[9]   

 

One last thing before we finish.[10]  In the northern kingdom we see the rise and fall of several dynasties (that is a succession of kings from the one family).  However, in southern kingdom God sticks with one dynasty—that of David.  Why?  Because God had promised David that his dynasty would last forever.[11]

So in the north Ahab’s evil leads to the passing of the throne to a new dynasty.  However the behaviour of Jehoram in the south (who is described as walking in the ways of the house of Ahab[12]) does not result in a change dynasty.  The narrator explains that it was, for the sake of his servant David, the LORD was not willing to destroy Judah.  He had promised to maintain a lamp for David and  his descendants forever’ (2 Kings 8:19).[13]

2 Kings closes offering hope that the Davidic monarchy will be restored.  Ishmael, ‘who was of royal blood’ (2 Kings 25:25), flees to Egypt; Jehoiachin, king of Judah is released from prison in Babylon and being given ‘a seat of honour . . .’ (2 Kings 25:28 see also Jeremiah 52:31-34).  The survival of these two is surely significant and as Old Testament scholar Dessie Alexander points out, ‘That one should be in Egypt and the other from Babylon is also noteworthy, for the book of Kings contains several examples of individuals returning from exile and being enthroned in order to fulfil God’s purposes.’[14]

The king who will eventually bring the fulfilment to God’s promises will still come from David’s line!

 

 



[1] Full of Promise, p. 57.

[2] “. . . Rehoboam is portrayed as arrogant and foolish for refusing the advice of ‘the elders who had served his father Solomon during his lifetime’ (1 Kings 12:6).  This is why the majority of Israelites rejected him as king, preferring Jeroboam.”  Alexander, p. 91.

[3] See 1 Kings 11:26-40 and 12:1-24. 

[4] ‘The story of the divided monarchy is not easy to follow, as we try to understand the relations between the two kingdoms, their involvement with the mighty empires to their north and south, and the intervention of the prophets who spoke boldly in the name of Yahweh to kings and commoners alike.  The biblical story is further complicated by the fact that much of it is told twice, once in the Books of Kings and once in the Books of Chronicles, the chronicler (possibly Ezra) writing later with the clear object of emphasising the importance of the southern kingdom, the Davidic dynasty and the temple cultus.’  Stott, Understanding the Bible, p.60.

[5] For example, 1 Kings 15:25-26; 15:33-34; 16:29-33, 22:51-53.

[6] ‘Aaron had said exactly the same after he and the people had made another golden calf while Moses was on Mount Sinai receiving the law from God (Exodus 32:4).  This idolatrous worship is the besetting sin of Israel throughout its existence.  It is only a matter of time before God acts in judgement’ Roberts, The Big Picture, p.85.

[7] For example 2 Kings 8:16-19; 16:1-4; 21:1-6

[8] Stott, p. 67.

[9] Roberts, p. 87.

[10] This point is taken from Alexander.

[11] Way back in 1 King 11 when God tells Jeroboam that he is going to be king, he says this, I will humble David’s descendants because of this, but not forever.  God has a future plan for the Davidic dynasty.

[12] 2 Kings 8:18, 27.

[13] Even when confronted by an evil king, God was firmly committed to keep his covenant with David.

Another illustration of God’s concern for the house of David comes in 2 Kings 11.  There the queen mother attempts to annihilate the remaining members of the Davidic line.  One baby boy is rescued and hidden in the temple, where he remains for six years until he is publicly enthroned.

[14] Alexander, p. 95.

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