Wednesday, 30 July 2025

2 Corinthians 6:1-13 - ‘Authentic Christian Living’

 


John Patton (1824-1907) left a comfortable life in Scotland with his young wife in 1858 for the New Hebrides Islands in the south Pacific Ocean.  There he worked among a people who seemed unresponsive to the gospel.  Then tragedy struck.  Three months after arriving, his wife and baby died, and with his own hands he had to dig their burial plot.  He wrote in his journal, ‘I was stunned: My reason almost seemed to give way…’, but, ‘I was never altogether forsaken.  The ever-merciful Lord sustained me to lay the precious dust of my loved ones in the same quiet grave.  But for Jesus, and the fellowship he vouchsafed me there, I must have gone mad and died beside that lonely grave.’

As we study these verses we are going to see that the glory of Jesus shines forth through the way that Christians respond to opposition and suffering.  You see, false-teachers had come to Corinth and were undermining the apostle Paul’s ministry and message.  These false-teachers had a form of prosperity gospel.  These false-teachers pointed to their impressive giftings, their spiritual experiences and their ability to raise money.  They said that Paul was unimpressive in appearance, not skilled as a communicator, was always getting a hard time from the authorities and had to endure loads of suffering.  Paul didn’t even charge them money for his ministry.  To the false-teachers all this was evidence that Paul was not being blessed by God.

So, Paul points to three things that mark authentic Christian living: joy in the midst of pain, beautiful godliness and open-hearted love.

1.      Joy in the midst of your pain

I have been reading a biography of Elizabeth Elliot whose husband was murdered as he reached out to a group of Auca Indians in Ecuador in 1956.  After his death she didn’t cry and sought to hold it together.  She thought that this was the way to demonstrate that she was trusting God.  Some American journalists were impressed but the locals were not.  To the locals it simply looked like she didn’t care about her husband.

The apostle Paul is a man who is willing to be real about his emotions.  We read of many times when he followed Jesus’ example and wept.  Yes, he says that the Christian does not grieve without hope, but he does not say that the Christian does not grieve.  Indeed, many of the psalms give us permission to ask honest and hard questions when our lives are filled with pain.  Paul doesn’t say that he rejoices instead of feeling sorrow, he says that he is sorrowful, yet always rejoicing.

Paul had to endure a lot of pain.  As someone who likes to be liked it strikes me that he faced such great hatred for his faith in Jesus.  Think of the bitterness on the faces of those who beat him and imprisoned him.  Think of the hostility of the crowds that rioted against him and his teaching.  Think of how hard it was to keep going after sleepless nights and days of hunger.  Think of the frustration and sorrow he felt when reports came to him that his young converts were falling for a version of the prosperity gospel.  At times the pain must have been crushing.

What kept him going?  He rejoiced in his Father’s love and goodness.  Jesus was with him.  The Holy Spirit was empowering him.  God graciously rewards all that is done for His name.       Ajith Fernando, a Sri Lankan Bible commentator, says ‘the most important things in our lives are that God loves us, [and] that no pain can destroy our relationship with him.’  His love is to be our deepest source of joy.

The most important thing that we can pray for Christians friends going through times of sorrow and pain is that the Holy Spirit would give them the power to understand the breadth and length and height and depth of the love of God in Christ’ (Ephesians 3:14-20).  That they could be aware of that joy in the middle of their sorrow!

2.      Seek the beauty of godliness

When Ajith Fernando was a teenager in Sri Lanka he was hugely influenced by his pastor.  That pastor was a godly Irish Methodist minister by the name of George Good.  I knew George Good when I was a teenager.  We used to call him uncle George, even though he was not a blood relative.  George radiated inner beauty.  More than once Ajith writes of uncle George claiming that he ‘influenced me in the beauty of godliness.’

The apostle Paul speaks of how he and his companions sought to commend the good news about Jesus through lives that reflected the transforming power of the Holy Spirit.  What does it look like when we let the Holy Spirit fills you?  Despite all the difficulties they faced Paul and his friends sought to live with purity, genuine love, truthful speech, patience and kindness.  He says, ‘our sole defense is a life of integrity’ (7, Phillips).

The truth is that people will make assumptions about who Jesus is by what they see of Him in our lives.  Our actions have massive consequences in the lives of those closest to us!  We do not want to be an obstacle in the way of them coming to faith.  If they see us as proud people who are afraid to be real about our faults and struggles, then they will not see that Jesus is kind and full of mercy.  If they see us as impatient people who are easily irritated then they will not see that Jesus longs to gather around Him flawed and broken people.  If they see us as a people who are lose with the truth and impure in our speech they will not see that God is holy love.

In a world full of people who are either arrogant or insecure how refreshing it is to meet people who are humbly confident.  Arrogance is based on big thoughts of oneself.  Our faith allows us accept that we are weak, flawed and often failing.  Insecurity can be based on fear that we are neither loved or accepted.  We can be secure in the God whose mercy is greater than our sin and who holds us securely in His love.

3.      Be open-handed in love

‘Oh, dear Corinthians friends!  We have spoken honestly with you, and our hearts are open to you.  There is no lack of love on our part, but you have withheld your love from us.  I am asking you to respond as if you were my own children.  Open your hearts to us! (11-13, NLT).

Some of these Corinthians had caused the apostle Paul a lot of pain.  They had unfairly criticized him.  They questioned his motives.  They looked down on his abilities.  They sided with his enemies.  But he has not stopped loving them, and he calls them to love him in return.

The Christian church grew remarkably in the early centuries after Jesus returned to heaven.  One of the reasons for this was their radical love.  It was the only place where people from completely different classes and cultures could treat each other as equals.  There was radical hospitality and sacrificial generosity.  People exclaimed, ‘see how they love each other.’  Jesus said ‘by this all people will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another’ (John 13:35), and, our oneness shows the world that the Father sent the Son into the world (John 17:21).

 

 

Conclusion 

A few decades ago a woman in Australia watched her neighbor who was a Christian with amazement.  The Christian neighbor struggled with crippling arthritis but without becoming bitter.  The woman was so impressed by this that she asked if she could attend the neighbor’s church.  She became a Christian, as did her young son.  That son went on to be a brilliant Bible teachers and leader.

We don’t want to place any obstacle between people and God, so, lets, live authentic Christian lives that are marked by joy in the midst of pain, beautiful godliness and open-hearted love.  We do this as we constantly remind ourselves of what Jesus has done through His life and His cross and lean on the Holy Spirit to change us from the inside.

Thursday, 5 June 2025

Nehemiah: A diary of disaster

 

                Imagine that you were given the task of writing a report for God’s Old Testament people as we have encountered them up to this point.  How would they do?

                What mark would you give them for effort?  Every now and then they have declared their intention to do their best, but those intentions have never lasted that long!  They would get a very low mark for effort.

                What mark would you give them for behaviour?  Here are some words used to describe them—arrogant, stiff-necked, refused to listen, rebellious, disobedient and stubborn (see Nehemiah 9).  Imagine a child you know having all those things on their report!  They would get a very low mark for behaviour.

                What mark would you give them for learning?  They failed to remember, time and time they made the same mistakes, and they do not pay attention (again see Nehemiah 9).  It seems that they have learnt nothing over the long years of their history.  They would get a very low mark for learning.

                What a great disappointment they have been, how they have failed!

                They were repeatedly warned, and eventually they were suspended (sent into exile), but God did not give up on them—in his great mercy he did not put an end to them or abandon them, for the LORD is gracious and merciful (9:31).

Background

                In the last chapter we saw that the people of Judah were sent in to exile in Babylon.  What happened then?

                Well, the exile lasted around fifty years.  Then when Cyrus II conquered the Babylonians he issued edicts saying that the Jewish exiles could return and rebuild their temple.  Not all took advantage of this—although they had been forcefully taken into exile they had been well treated by the Babylonians.

                The first and main group of exiles to return left a year or so after Cyrus’ edict.  They were led by Zerubabbel, grandson of King Jehoiachin (see 2 Kings 24-25).  They set about restoring the temple.

                Seventy-five years later Ezra, a priest and a scribe, who has been described by many scholars as a kind of “secretary of state for Jewish affairs” in Babylon, was sent by the then Persian king ‘to enquire about Judah and Jerusalem with regards to the Law of your God’ (Ezra 7:14).

                Then 13 years later (445 BC) comes Nehemiah.[3] 

 

God the builder (chapters 1-6)

                Presumably Nehemiah had grown up as part of the exile community in Babylon.  When we meet him in chapter 1 he is a high ranking official in the court of the Persian King.  The book that bears his name contains his memoir—it reads like a diary.

                As we read through these chapters we can see that Nehemiah is a man of prayer, he is a great leader, and he certainly has the gift of administration.  He is also a man with a burden.  I mean this in the positive sense—where you may share God’s concern for a particular issue, for example you may have a burden for the youth of your town, for new residents in our land, or for global missions—God has put something of his concern for these things on your heart.

                Nehemiah’s concern was to do with Jerusalem—a city that he may not yet have visited.  Jerusalem was so much a part of God’s Old Testament plans and purposes.  When he heard of the state of that city (1:3) he was distraught.  For some days he mourned, fasted and prayed.

                We can see the content of his prayer in verses 5-11.  Like all Bible prayers it begins by telling God about God, it is only when focus on God is that we see our problems in their correct perspective.  ‘Only when we remind ourselves about him can we pray with due reverence, proper seriousness, correct self-awareness and knowledgeable faith.’[4]

                ‘O LORD, God of heaven, the great and awesome God who keeps his covenant of love with those who love him and keep his commands’—all through the Old Testament we have seen God’s faithfulness to his promises, but the people haven’t kept their side of the bargain.

                For Nehemiah the walls of Jerusalem (which are central to this book) are a reminder of God’s covenant with Abraham—the promise that the land of Israel and the city of Jerusalem will be the impregnable home of God’s faithful people.[5] 

                Nehemiah reminds God of his instructions given through Moses, ‘If you are unfaithful, I will scatter you among the nations, but if you return to me and obey my commands, then even if your exiled people are at the farthest horizon, I will gather them from there and bring them to the place I have chosen as a dwelling for my name’ (1:8-9 see Duet. 30:4-10).  Nehemiah takes God’s word seriously and sets about trying to bring the people back to God.

At the end of chapter 1 we read that Nehemiah is cup bearer to the king, he tasted the kings wine before the king drank it encase it was poisoned.  It is the sort of job that you can’t look depressed on—if you do the king might think that there is something in the drink for him!  However, Nehemiah’s concern for Jerusalem was making him feel sad and it showed.  The king asked, “Why does your face look so sad when you are not ill?  This can be nothing but sadness of heart.”(2:2)[6]

                ‘I was very much afraid, but said to the king, “May the king live for ever!  Why should my face not look sad when the city where my fathers are buried lies in ruins, and its gates have been destroyed by fire?’ (2:2-3).

                The king then asked Nehemiah what it was that he wanted.  Nehemiah basically wanted everything that was needed to rebuild the walls.

                Nehemiah then went off to Jerusalem with all of the resources that God had given him through the king.  He is seen to be a great organiser—the unity and effectiveness with which the people work is impressive.  This is truly a group effort—involving rulers and priests, sons and daughters, perfumers and goldsmiths.  God’s people co-operating to fulfil a greater goal—if only this had been the story in the rest of the Old Testament!

                Not that the whole venture was plain sailing.  There was opposition and there were the attacks of their enemies.  Nevertheless the walls were completed in fifty-two days.  This was astounding and people took note: ‘When all our enemies heard about this, all the surrounding nations were afraid and lost their self-confidence, because they realised that this work had been done with the help of our God’ (6:16).  God had done this—God the builder!

All looks well (chapters 7-12)

At the end of chapter 7 the people are secure in the promised land.  God has restored his people.  The question that remains however is ‘will the newly settled people be faithful to God as he has been faithful to them?’

In chapter 8 Ezra the priest reads and explains the Law of Moses to the assembled community.  As the stand and listen they hear of how God made a covenant with them, how he had rescued them from slavery in Egypt, and had given them rules to live by that they might please him and prosper.  They were stunned by what they heard—it seems that many of them had not heard the word of the LORD for a long time, possibly never.  The solemn assembly turned into a demonstration of humility, joy and tears.  They then celebrate the feast of Tabernacles.  In their turning back to God there is a sense of elation as they remember the abundance and goodness that is found in him.  

In chapter 9 the Levites lead the people in an act of public confession.  This chapter reads like an Old Testament overview.  They are told of God being the creator of the heavens and the earth, choosing Abram and promising him descendants and the promised land, giving the Law at Sinai, and proving for them (Genesis and Exodus in nine verses!!).

How had their forefathers responded to God’s actions?  They became arrogant and stiff-necked, and did not obey your commands.  They refused to listen and failed to remember the miracles you preformed among them.  They became stiff-necked and in their rebellion appointed a leader in order to return to their slavery (16-17).  Remember the low marks we gave them for behaviour and learning at the start of the chapter.  In the face of their unfaithfulness God remained faithful: But you are a forgiving God, gracious and compassionate, slow to anger and abounding in love.  Therefore you did not desert them . . . (17).

The Levites continued.  God had led them and fed them in the wilderness and given them the promised land.  How had they responded?  They . . . were disobedient and rebellious . . . (26).

Then we read of the cycle that was so evident in the book of Judges:  God hands them over to their enemies who oppress them, they cry out, in his compassion God sends them a deliverer, however as soon as they are at rest they again do what was evil in God’s sight (27-28). 

Despite many warnings they continued in their ways and so they were sent into exile (29-30).  However, because of his great mercy God had not put an end to them or abandoned them, for you are a gracious and merciful God (30).

The people were cut to the heart when they heard of the sins of their forefathers.  They call out to God to save them once more (remember they are still under foreign control) and they make a binging contract promising to keep the Law of Moses.  In chapter 11 Jerusalem is resettled.  In chapter 12 the walls are dedicated amid much rejoicing, the ‘sound of rejoicing in Jerusalem could be heard far away’ (43).

All looks well!  If the book of Nehemiah were to end at this point we might call it ‘the diary of delight’.  And if we were to write another report for them we could say ‘their behaviour and effort is greatly improved.’

Diary of Disaster (chapter 13)

                By the beginning of chapter 13 things may look well, but in this, the last chapter things turn horribly wrong.  It is now twelve years that Nehemiah has been in Jerusalem.  True to his word he goes back to King Artaxerxes who had given him leave in the first place. 

What happens when Nehemiah is away?  The people systematically go back on each of the promises that they had signed as a binding agreement.  Nehemiah records their sins with distressing detail.  You can almost hear the frustration and disappointment.  The diary of delight has turned into a diary of disaster!

                Israel’s history ends on a dismal note!  Go back to our report and we see that they still get low marks for effort, behaviour, and learning.  Indeed they have failed terribly.  The walls may have been rebuilt, but the people haven’t.

Conclusion

                We’ve reached the end of our Old Testament overview.  It ends in tragedy.  We have seen again and again how God has been faithful—he has added promise upon promise, he has persisted with his people, he has shown himself to be full of grace and compassion.  But his people have repeatedly rebelled against him.

                 The Bible would have the feel of an unfinished work if it ended here.  We still have not found the one who will crush the serpent’s head (Genesis 3:15), the king from the tribe of Judah who will have the obedience of the nations (Genesis 49:10),[7] the Son of David whose throne will be established forever (2 Samuel 7:13).[8]  We still are left waiting for the new covenant that will change the hearts of God’s people and the new nation that will be a blessing to all peoples.

                As for those promises to Abraham!  If God is going to reverse the effects of the Fall and keep his promises he is going to have to deal with the problem of sin once and for all.  And so the scene is set for Jesus to step into history.  The story will continue . . .!!! 



[1] Title taken from Full of Promise.

[2] The Samaritans on being refused the opportunity to collaborate, began to oppose the reconstruction.  As a result the work ceased for about fifteen years.  That it restarted again was largely due to the ministry of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah (see Haggai 2:3-4 and Zechariah 4:9). 

[3] There is some debate concerning the dating of Ezra and Nehemiah—which came first.  I have given the traditional view.  For a justification of the traditional view see Motyer, Understanding the Old Testament, p.178.

[4] Motyer, The story of the Old Testament, p.175.

[5] Full of Promise, p. 69.

[6] David Jackman points out that the kings logic goes like this: ‘You are my cup-bearer, you are privileged, for I am the greatest king ever—so why are you not full of joy?’

[7] This prophesy was in part fulfilled by King David, but pointed beyond him to Jesus, who fulfils it fully.

[8] This prophesy was in part fulfilled by Solomon, but points beyond him to Jesus, who fulfils it fully.

The Exile: ‘Light at the end of the tunnel’

 


The Bible would be a very depressing book if it ended with 1 and 2 Kings.  In Kings we saw the kingdom divided.  Two hundred years later the ten tribes of the northern kingdom are conquered by the Assyrians[2].  Then at the end of 2 Kings we have what is known as the exile—Judah, the southern kingdom was conquered by the Babylonian empire, Jerusalem is destroyed, the temple is levelled, and thousands of prisoners were taken back to Babylon as exiles.  How did these exiles feel about this?  You can read Lamentations and see!  Psalm 137 capturers their feelings, ‘By the rivers of Babylon we sat and wept when we remembered Zion[3]as Boney M[4] reminds us!  

It is like the Fall has happened all over again—God’s special people have rebelled against God’s rule and been thrown out of their special place—in this case the Promised Land. 

So what now?  Is there any light at the end of the tunnel?  Has God given up on his people?  And what about those promises to Abraham?  We find the answers to these questions in the message of the prophets.  This morning we shall look at the message of three of them.

 

Isaiah[5]—preparation:

Let’s step back in time—to the southern kingdom, at least a hundred years before the exile.  A prophet named Isaiah is given a vision concerning Judah and its capital Jerusalem (Is. 1:1).

The message of Isaiah could be called ‘a tale of two cities’—faithless Jerusalem (i.e. the sinful city of Jerusalem, the people of Judah) (1:21) and faithful Jerusalem (1:26).  The question that runs all the way through the book is ‘how is the faithless city to become the faithful city?’[6]  The answer is through exile, through restoration beyond exile, and with (to quote a favourite phrase of Isaiah) ‘a new thing’ that God will do.

This new thing that God is going to do is that he is going to extend his salvation to the ends of the earth—remember that he had promised Abraham that all the nations of the earth would be blessed through his seed (Gen. 12:3), and God will bring about a new community—a new Israel, a new people of God.  God will do this new thing through the ministry of ‘my servant’.  Those passages that speak of this servant point ahead to Jesus,[7] reminding us that all of God’s promises come to fruition and fulfilment in his Son (2 Cor. 1:20).

Isaiah not only prophesied that the exile would happen, but that Cyrus would be the Persian leader who would bring God’s people back to their land (Is. 44:28-45:13).  So when the people are taken into exile, and they are told that the gods of Babylon had won the day and that the LORD is dead, those who had listened to God’s Word would know that that’s not true.  They knew that this was going to happen and that God would bring them through.  Isaiah’s is a ministry of preparation.

They were only a tiny remnant who believed that Word, but there was always a faithful remnant even in Babylon.

 

Jeremiah—expectation:

Jeremiah also prophesied before the exile—his ministry brings us right up to the fall of Jerusalem.  In Jeremiah 7, we have what is called the ‘temple sermon’—here Jeremiah is standing at the gate of the temple preaching to those who are going in and out. Read: 7:3-11.

The people had reasoned that because God had promised David that his dynasty would never end (2 Sam. 7) Jerusalem, David’s capital, could never be conquered.  They believed that because the temple was in Jerusalem the city would never be destroyed.  They thought that they were safe to do as they pleased.  However, Jeremiah warns them that there is a consequence to their actions.  As we remembered last week, in Deuteronomy (see Duet. 28:15-68) God had warned his people that if they deserted him he would drive them out of the Promised Land.

Jeremiah’s message is also a message of hope.  He points them beyond the exile, and encourages them to see the God is going to do something new: Read 31:31-33.

 

Ezekiel—restoration:

One of the confusing things about the fall of the southern kingdom, Judah is that it happens in two stages.  Firstly, in 597 BC when the Babylonians defeat Judah and take some of its inhabitants into exile, then in 586 BC, when the Babylonians destroy Jerusalem and the temple and take thousands of more away.

Ezekiel was among the first group to be taken to Babylon.  From 593 BC, when he is thirty, he begins prophesying to the exiled community—telling them of the events in Jerusalem and preparing to minister to the bigger number of exiles that will come to Babylon when Jerusalem falls. 

Ezekiel contains a tremendous message of encouragement about what lies beyond the exile.[8] 

God will give his people a new heart:  Read Ezekiel 36:24-26.

This will produce a new unity.  Ezekiel 37:17, “Join them together into one stick so that they will become one in your hand.” There is going to be a new Israel that is united in a way that the old Israel wasn’t.[9]  Verse 24, “My servant David—this isn’t King David, he’s been dead a long time by this stage, this is the promised king in the line of David, will be king over them, and they will all have one shepherd.”

Then in chapters 40-48 there is talk of a new city and a new temple.  In chapter 47 we read of a river—it’s the river of life, flowing out from this new temple—from the place where God’s presence is manifested, it flows out into the entire city.  The river rises becoming deep enough to swim in.   ‘It is picture, a visionary picture, of the overwhelming blessing of God flowing out from his presence—so deep, so rich, so full that you do can’s do anything but swim in it.  And that is Ezekiel’s vision for the future of God’s city and God’s temple.’[10]

 

Conclusion: We began our sermon wondering if there was any light at the end of the tunnel.  Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel say there is!  The promises of God to Abraham and David are now focused on the post-exile community.  We are going to sum-up by seeing how they point to a new exodus, a new covenant, and a new nation.

 

1. A New Exodus:  In Exodus we saw the captives set free.  They are liberated from Egypt and become a unified distinct nation—the people of God.[11]  Similarly a great theme in Isaiah is that the captives are going to be set free—a new Exodus!

Read Isaiah 40:3.  A highway is being constructed!  The valleys are filled in, the mountains are knocked out of the way, so that there can be a straight road on level ground.  For the LORD is coming back from Babylon with his people, bringing them home to Jerusalem.

When did this happen?  Well in 538 BC Cyrus said ‘you can go back to Jerusalem’.  But these words go beyond that, in John’s Gospel they are used of the ministry of John the Baptist (John 1:23). 

When does the exile end? 538 BC, yes!  When does the Exile really end?  When Jesus comes!  ‘He is the one who ends the Exile!  He is brings the new Jerusalem, the new Israel, the new community into existence.  He is the one who produces the new Exodus . . . the New Testament says “it is happening, God is bringing his people, his new people into existence”, this is the new Exodus.’[12] 

 

2.  A New Covenant:  We mentioned the new covenant when we looked at Jeremiah.  It is worth remembering that while this new covenant is greater than the old it works on exactly the same principles—God in his grace rescues people, draws them to himself, makes promises to them, and says ‘if you want to enjoy those promises live if faith and obedience.’

This new Covenant, as we saw in Ezekiel, involves the Spirit within us.  This is why the new Covenant law is not written on tablets of stone—outside of us, but is written deep within our hearts.  It enables us to want to be like Jesus, to want to be his people, to governed by his commandments, and obedient to his will.

In the Old Testament the Holy Spirit only lived within certain individuals, such as kings (1 Sam. 10:6; 16:3) and prophets (Ezekiel 2:2)[13] to equip them for particular tasks, but now in the new Covenant he lives within all of God’s people.  In the Old Testament we have noted the continued failure of God’s people, but now in the new Covenant that failure has been remedied as God actually entering into the personality of his people to transform us. 

This is the blessing of the new Covenant, God changes us from within.  It doesn’t happen to perfection in this life, but it starts—and it can grow, more and more and more.  We will never be sinless in this life, but we can sin less.  We can grow in grace. We can know the power of the Holy Spirit enabling us to live holy lives.

 

3.  A New Nation:  In Isaiah and Ezekiel we can see that God is going to form a new faithful people.  There will be a new Zion, a new city of God, a new community into which all the nations of the world will come and find God’s blessing.  If you are born-again you are one of God’s new covenant people, we are the new Israel (Galatians 6:16).   

With this in mind what does it matter whether we are British or Irish or Portuguese or Romanian?  It won’t win us any favours with God nor will it exclude us from the offer to become one of his people.  For God is forming an altogether different kind of nation, a new Israel, made up of people from every country.  And one day this multiethnic, multiracial people will gather around his throne praising God for his salvation (Rev. 7:9).  

All this things are fulfilled through the Lord Jesus, and by his Spirit within the lives of those who trust him and obey.



[1] This sermon is composed largely of material adapted from David Jackman’s Bible Overview Lectures (with a little help from Full of Promise).

[2] They were never to have a separate existence again

[3] Zion is another name for Jerusalem.

[4] Boney M was a pop group from the 70’s and 80’s—if you are too young to remember!

[5] Isaiah is one of the great books of the Old Testament.  It has been called the Romans of the Old Testament.  It explores such themes as the Sovereignty of God, sin, judgement, salvation and the new creation.  With the possible exception of the Psalms, Isaiah is quoted or alluded to in the New Testament more than other Old Testament book. 

[6]When you get to the end of Isaiah you find that the faithful city is now a place to which all the nations are been gathered to by God (see Is. 66:10-12, 20). ‘. . . in the Bible you should always read the beginning of every book and the end of every book with special attention because it will tell you the themes of the book’ Jackman.

[7] Supreme among them is Isaiah 53—a great passage about the cross.   For Jesus as the servant of the Lord see Acts 8:26-40 and Philippians 2:5-11.

[8] We can divide Ezekiel into three sections.  Firstly, a chapter 1-24, are before the fall of Jerusalem—in these Ezekiel prophesies, to those already in exile, the fall of the city and as things unfold he interprets why these events are happening.  Then in chapters 25-32 we have oracles to the foreign nations.  Finally, after Jerusalem has fallen, and from this point Ezekiel’s ministry is one of tremendous encouragement about what lies beyond the exile—it is a ministry of restoration.

[9] In verse 23 we have the words, ‘they will be my people, and I will be their God.’  This is the great promise of the covenant that we see again and again in the Old Testament.  We see the ultimate fulfilment of this promise in heaven (Revelation 21:3).

[10] Jackman.

[11] In line with the people part of the promise!

[12] Jackman.

[13] In Exodus 31 the Spirit fills the craftsman Bezalel and the other craftsmen to enable them to construct the tabernacle, but he didn’t remain permanently within them.